1. HISTORY OF HONDA HYBRID TECHNOLOGY
Honda is now in its fourth decade of producing hybrid vehicles, having introduced the first petrol-electric hybrid car to Europe with its revolutionary Insight in 1999.
Since then, the brand’s engineers have spent the past 25 years perfecting this type of powertrain, the fruits of which can be seen in the current fully electrified mainstream model range – namely the Jazz, Civic, HR-V, ZR-V, and CR-V which all feature the two-motor e:HEV powertrain.
Driven by a sense of responsibility to advance vehicle efficiency for societal benefit and for technical innovation, whilst also continuing to deliver the “joy of driving” to its customers, Honda has always been at the forefront of hybrid technology.
From the launch of the first generation Civic in 1972, Honda was primarily focused on petrol engines and possessed extensive expertise in this area, with its lean burn combustion process significantly lowering harmful emissions. As environmental awareness increased in the late 80s and early 90s, Honda embarked upon research into the application of petrol-electric hybrid technology, with the goal to create the most efficient vehicle in the world.
Honda’s first production hybrid vehicle was the Insight, launched in 1999. Fitted with a unique parallel hybrid Integrated Motor Assist (IMA) system, this vehicle could deliver a combined fuel consumption of 3.4l/100km (83.1mpg; NEDC cycle). Over the past 25 years, Honda has further refined its technologies, developing various hybrid architectures for different applications. In addition to IMA, these include the two-motor intelligent Multi Mode Drive (i-MMD) system that is fitted across Honda’s current European e:HEV range, and the ultimate three-motor Super Handling All-Wheel Drive (SH-AWD) system in the NSX.
The ultimate realisation of Honda’s hybrid technologies has been seen on the track. The brand returned to Formula 1 as an engine supplier in 2015, at the start of the turbo hybrid era. It steadily refined its power unit, overcoming many challenges to clinch the world driver’s championship in 2021 with Max Verstappen and Oracle Red Bull Racing, the first time it had powered a title winner in the sport since 1991. Honda have since provided power units to the team in 2022 and 2023, years in which they have clinched both drivers and constructors championships.
Today, Honda’s latest e:HEV hybrids are a testament to 25-years of research and development, continuing the legacy of those models that have come before – to deliver impressive performance and responsiveness, while maintaining smooth power delivery and outstanding efficiency without compromising on the “joy of driving”.
2. HONDA INSIGHT (1999)
As the first ever petrol-electric hybrid car to be launched in Europe, the Honda Insight is a true pioneer. Featuring a state-of-the-art powertrain, incredibly low kerb weight and an exceptional aerodynamic design, the sleek two-seater coupe was one of the most fuel-efficient models in the world, with a combined consumption figure of 3.4l/100km (83.1mpg).
Powering this cutting-edge coupe was Honda’s trend-setting Integrated Motor Assist (IMA) hybrid powertrain that gave the car class-leading fuel-efficiency and incredibly low emissions.
Housed in a light and strong aluminium body designed to deliver one of the lowest drag coefficients of any production car, it slipped through the air with minimal wind resistance.
At the heart of the Insight was one of the lightest 1.0-litre, 3-cylinder petrol engines ever made, using advanced lean burn technology, low friction components and lightweight materials.
Connected directly to the crankshaft of the internal combustion engine (ICE) and driving through a five-speed manual gearbox, was an ultra-thin (60mm) DC-brushless motor. This was powered by a 144V nickel metal-hydride (Ni-MH) battery (weighing just 20kg) mounted under the boot floor.
When accelerating, the electric motor boosted engine performance to the level of an equivalent 1.5-litre petrol engine, while under deceleration it acted as a generator to recharge the batteries.
Furthermore, the motor also provided a stop-start system, cutting the engine when the Insight came to a halt and automatically restarting it when first gear was engaged.
Low aerodynamic drag was a priority with the design of the Insight, which featured a streamlined nose, a low height and long tapered roof, narrow rear track, rear wheel skirts and a flat underside – giving the Insight an aerodynamic drag coefficient (Cd) of just 0.25.
Honda pioneered the use of aluminium body construction with the original NSX sports car (1990), and it used the lessons it learned there on the Insight. Featuring a combination of extruded, stamped and die cast aluminium components, it weighed 40 percent less than a comparable steel body.
Aluminium was also used for the outer panels, except for the front wings and rear wheel skirts which were made from recyclable plastic composite. Amounting to a total kerb weight of 835kg (852kg including air-conditioning).
When it was revealed in 1999, the Insight was one of the most advanced vehicles on the road, and during its development over 300 patents were registered – more than 60 on the engine and IMA system, plus over 120 each for the electronic Power Control Unit (PCU) and body construction.
- Power/torque: 76PS/127Nm
- Acceleration (0-100km/h,0-62mph): 12.0 seconds
- Top speed: 180km/h (112mph)
- Fuel economy (NEDC) (l/100km)/CO2: 83.1mpg (3.4)/80g/km
- Kerb weight: 835kg
3. HONDA CR-Z (2010)
Combining the advantages of a clean, efficient petrol electric hybrid powertrain with a stylish coupe body, the Honda CR-Z continued the brand’s pioneering tradition of delivering driving pleasure and class-leading efficiency when it launched in 2010.
With its compact dimensions, lightweight construction and aerodynamic design, the CR-Z followed in the revolutionary tracks of the original Insight.
Using lessons learned from the Insight and two generations of Civic Hybrid, the CR-Z featured an expertly evolved version of Honda’s advanced Integrated Motor Assist (IMA) petrol-electric powertrain that provided even stronger performance. It was also fitted with a six-speed manual gearbox, which was a world first for a hybrid at that time.
The CR-Z also featured a 3-Mode Drive System, a unique feature that allowed the driver to choose between three driving modes (NORMAL, ECON and SPORT), each of which altered the responses of the throttle, steering, climate control and the level of assistance provided by the IMA system.
This carefully calibrated set-up allowed the driver to adapt the car’s settings to enjoy their favourite road, maximise economy, or strike a balance between the two.
Power was provided by a 114PS 1.5-litre, 16-valve petrol engine that provided driver enjoyment with its enthusiastic engine note, willingness to rev and broad spread of torque, giving excellent fuel economy and great emphasis on driver enjoyment.
The internal combustion engine (ICE) also used Honda’s state-of-the-art i-VTEC system, which could alter the engine’s valve timing to reduce emissions and improve fuel consumption at low speeds, but increased power when using high revs.
Sandwiched between the ICE and six-speed gearbox was a 14PS electric motor, which delivered an impressive 78Nm at low to medium engine speeds for instant throttle response and the performance of a larger 1.8-litre unit.
The battery pack in the CR-Z was a 100.8-volt Nickel Metal Hydride unit mounted under the boot floor and provided an excellent balance between output, reliability, safety and cost.
The chassis was an important factor in the development of the CR-Z, with driver enjoyment being a core part of the design brief. Featuring a wide track, short wheelbase chassis for agile and responsive handling, it backed up its sporty coupe looks with engaging and entertaining handling.
Within its sleek design the CR-Z hinted at the legendary CRX coupe, with the split-level rear window and shallow sloping roof, combining them with complex curves and deeply scalloped panels. Inside, it featured a driver-focused dashboard with an eye-catching 3D instrument cluster, plus a practical 2+2 seating layout.
- Power/torque: 124PS/174Nm
- Acceleration (0-100km/h,0-62mph): 9.1 seconds
- Top speed: 200km/h (124mph)
- Fuel economy (NEDC) (l/100km)/CO2: 56.5mpg (5.0)/117g/km
- Kerb weight: 1,198kg
4. HONDA NSX (2016)
When it launched in 2016, the NSX was at the cutting-edge of Honda’s hybrid technology, thanks to its revolutionary Super Handling All-Wheel Drive (SH-AWD) system. This advanced hybrid system integrated both electric and traditional combustion power sources to provide superior dynamic performance.
The heart of the NSX’s hybrid powertrain was a bespoke mid-mounted twin-turbocharged V6 engine, complemented by an all-new nine-speed dual-clutch transmission (9DCT) and a Direct Drive Motor, forming the rear power unit.
This setup was enhanced by a front Twin Motor Unit (TMU) with two electric motors that independently drove the left and right front wheels, ensuring nearly instantaneous acceleration and superior handling.
The power delivery system of the NSX ensured smooth integration of the electric and combustion power sources. The twin-turbo 3.5-litre V6 engine, coupled with the electric motors, provided a total peak output of 581PS, while the 9DCT enhanced this with its ability to deliver seamless up and downshifts. The transmission could operate in automatic mode, selecting the most appropriate gear, or in manual mode using steering wheel-mounted paddles.
The NSX also featured Launch Mode Control, which, when activated, delivered a perfectly executed vehicle launch by utilising peak power from both the TMU and the twin-turbocharged V6 engine.
Braking in the NSX was managed by a next-generation system that integrated mechanical friction brakes with an electro-servo control and a regenerative braking system. This combination provided exceptional brake pedal response and predictable performance in nearly any driving condition. The regenerative braking system started working as soon as the throttle was released, maximising energy recovery and enhancing battery recharging during normal driving.
The NSX’s Sport Hybrid SH-AWD system used ‘Direct Yaw Control’ to utilise the instantaneous torque capabilities of the TMU, creating a direct yaw moment at any speed, whether under power or during off-throttle manoeuvres. This sophisticated control allowed for precise and immediate adjustments, improving stability and handling across various driving scenarios.
When accelerating, the three electric motors—the Direct Drive Motor and the front TMU—provided instantaneous torque response. During braking, the NSX combined the mechanical and regenerative braking systems, delivering powerful, fade-free performance while simultaneously charging the lithium-ion hybrid battery.
Cornering precision was significantly enhanced by the cooperative work of the TMU and the Vehicle Stability Assist (VSA) system. The TMU dynamically vectored front-wheel torque to create a turning moment, with additional stability provided by the VSA and Agile Handling Assist (AHA). This coordination elevated driver confidence and vehicle performance, extracting more from the car than traditional systems.
Overall, Honda NSX’s hybrid technology not only pushed the boundaries of performance and handling but also emphasized efficiency and environmental sustainability. This integration of hybrid power in a supercar set a new benchmark for the automotive industry, combining the best of both worlds.
- Power/torque: 581PS/646Nm
- Acceleration (0-100km/h,0-62mph): 3.3 seconds
- Top speed: 308km/h (191mph)
- Fuel economy (NEDC) (l/100/km)/CO2: 28.2mpg (10.0)/228g/km
- Kerb weight: 1,776kg
5. HONDA CIVIC HYBRID (2022)
First introduced in 1972, Honda has always defined the Civic as a ‘car for people of the world’. Now, building on 50 years of heritage and with over 27.5 million units sold across 170 countries, the 11th generation Civic represents a modern evolution of the model’s distinctive shape, and echoes the “noiseless”, elegant design that we have seen in more recent Honda models introduced to Europe. The 11th generation Civic is the third overall to carry a hybrid powertrain, following the seventh (2003) and eighth (2006).
The heart of the new Civic’s hybrid system is the e:HEV powertrain, which includes a 2.0-litre direct-injection Atkinson-cycle petrol engine, two compact yet powerful electric motors, a power-dense lithium-ion battery, a new Power Control Unit, and an Intelligent Power Unit. This system collectively produces a total power output of 135kW and 315Nm of torque, propelling the Civic from 0 to 100km/h (62mph) in just 7.8 seconds.
This hybrid technology, which has evolved over the past 25 years, exemplifies Honda’s commitment to creating a power unit that blends the instantaneous response of an electric motor with the extended range and refinement of a petrol engine.
The vehicle achieves CO2 emissions as low as 109g/km and a fuel economy of 4.7L/100km, according to the WLTP cycle. This efficiency is partly due to the engine’s industry-leading thermal efficiency of 41%.
The powertrain in the Civic operates seamlessly across different driving modes – EV Drive, Hybrid Drive, and Engine Drive – without requiring driver input.
In urban settings, the car primarily uses EV Drive, which provides zero emissions and harnesses the responsive characteristics of electric power. While, for stronger acceleration, the system switches to Hybrid Drive, utilising the electric motor for propulsion while the petrol engine generates electricity.
On highways, the Engine Drive mode becomes more prominent, allowing the petrol engine to power the vehicle directly with minimal losses, supported by the electric motor when necessary. This mode transitions back to Hybrid Drive at high speeds to maximise power output.
In all driving scenarios, the system captures and recycles brake and deceleration energy, enhancing overall efficiency, especially in stop-and-go traffic. The latest iteration of the Civic also features enhanced vibration reduction due to a high-rigidity crankshaft and a secondary balancer shaft, ensuring a smoother drive.
- Power/torque: 135kW/315Nm
- Acceleration (0-100km/h,0-62mph): 7.8 seconds
- Top speed: 180km/h (112mph)
- Fuel economy (WLTP) (l/100/km)/CO2: 60.1(4.7)/108g/km
- Kerb weight: 1,517kg
6. HONDA ZR-V (2023)
Honda’s newest nameplate, the ZR-V, is a stylish and powerful C-segment SUV that bridges the gap between the HR-V and CR-V, offering a unique combination of sophisticated styling, a high-quality interior, and an exciting yet comfortable drive.
Central to the ZR-V’s appeal is Honda’s highly acclaimed e:HEV hybrid powertrain, blending exceptional performance and efficiency, thereby making it suitable for all road types, from highways to country lanes.
The ZR-V features a refined 2.0-litre, four-cylinder direct injection engine working in conjunction with two electric motors, delivering exhilarating performance comparable to sports hatchbacks. The hybrid system enables seamless transitions between EV, Hybrid, and Engine Drive modes without driver input, optimising performance and fuel efficiency.
In urban settings, the ZR-V primarily operates in EV Drive mode, producing zero emissions while leveraging the responsive nature of electric driving. For stronger acceleration, the system shifts to Hybrid Drive, utilising the electric motor for propulsion while the internal combustion engine generates electric power. At constant high speeds, the vehicle operates in Engine Drive mode, powered directly by the petrol engine with assistance from the electric motor as needed. This system ensures remarkable real-world efficiency, with CO2 emissions from 130g/km and fuel economy of 5.7L/100km (WLTP combined).
The ZR-V includes a power-dense lithium-ion battery, a compact and efficient Power Control Unit (PCU), and a 2.0-litre direct-injection Atkinson-cycle petrol engine. The hybrid system delivers a total power output of 135kW and 315Nm of torque, allowing the ZR-V to accelerate from 0 to 100 km/h (62mph) in just 7.8 seconds. The advanced powertrain also features linear shift control, enhancing the driving experience by aligning engine sound with acceleration for a more reassuring feel.
The ZR-V also comes equipped with Honda’s advanced suite of Honda SENSING technologies, ensuring high levels of active and passive safety. This includes a comprehensive airbag system, impressive all-around collision performance, and features designed to aid visibility and enhance aerodynamic performance.
- Power/torque: 135kW/315Nm
- Acceleration (0-100km/h,0-62mph): 7.8 seconds
- Top speed: 173km/h (107mph)
- Fuel economy (WLTP) (l/100/km)/CO2: 49.6mpg (5.7)/130g/km
- Kerb weight: 1,589kg
7. HISTORIC HONDA HYBRIDS
The following is a list of Honda hybrid models released in Europe over the past 25-years: